G.703
G.703, a standard based on PCM standard, specifies voice over digital networks. Voice to digital conversion according to PCM requires a bandwidth of 64 kbps (+/- 100 ppm), resulting in the basic unit for G.703. G.703 specifies the physical and electrical characteristics of hierarchical digital interfaces at a rate up to 140Mbit/s.
Standard Organization: ITU-T
Reference Document: G.703
G.704
G.704 defines the synchronous frame structure used at primary and secondary hierarchy levels on G.703 interfaces up to 45Mbit/s. The conventional use of G.704 on a 2Mbit/s primary rate circuit provides 30 discrete 64kbit/s channels, with a further 64kbit/s channel available for common channel signalling.
Standard Organization: ITU-T
Reference Document: G.704
G.707
G.707 defines the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) Bit Rates.
Standard Organization: ITU-T
Reference Document: G.707
G.708
G.708 defines the Network Node Interface (NNI) for Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH).
Standard Organization: ITU-T
Reference Document: G.708
G.709
G.709 defines the Synchronous Multiplexing Structure.
Standard Organization: ITU-T
Reference Document: G.709
G.711
G.711 is an ITU-T standard for audio companding released in 1972. It is primarily used in telephony. G.711 represents 8-bit compressed pulse code modulation (PCM) samples for signals of voice frequencies, sampled at the rate of 8000 samples/second. G.711 encoder will create a 64 kbit/s bitstream. There are two main algorithms defined in the standard: mu-law algorithm (used in North America & Japan) and a-law algorithm (used in Europe and other countries).
Standard Organization: ITU-T
Reference Document: G.711
G.721
G.721 is a 32 kbps Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation (ADPCM) speech compression algorithm. The sampling rate is 8 KHz. G.721 produces toll quality speech. With transmission error rates higher than 10.4, the perceived quality of G.721 is better than G.711. G.721 is the first ADPCM standard. Later came the standards of G.726 and G.727 for 40, 32, 24 and 16 kbps.
Standard Organization: ITU-T
Reference Document: G.721
G.722
G.722 is a wideband speech coding algorithm supporting bit rates of 64, 56 and 48 kbps. In G.722, the speech signal is sampled at 16000 samples/second. G.722 can handle speech and audio signal bandwidth upto 7 kHz, compared with 3.6 kHz in narrow band speech coders. G.722 coder is based on the principle of Sub Band - Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation (SB-ADPCM). The signal is split into two sub-bands and samples from both bands are coded using ADPCM techniques.
Standard Organization: ITU-T
Reference Document: G.722
G.723 or G.723.1
G.723, also known as G.723.1 in more precise terms, is a standard-based voice codec providing voice quality (300 Hz to 3400 Hz) at 5.3 / 6.3 kbps. It was designed for video conferencing/telephony over standard phone lines, and is optimized for real-time encoding & decoding. G.723.1 is part of the H.323 (IP) and H.324 (POTS) standards for video conferencing.
Standard Organization: ITU-T
Reference Document: G.723
G.726
G.726 is a ITU-T speech codec based on ADPCM operating at bit rates of 16-40 kbit/s. The most commonly used mode is 32 kbit/s, since this is half the rate of G.711, thus increasing the usable network capacity by 100%. G.726 specifies how a 64 kbps A-law or µ-law PCM signal can be converted to 40, 32, 24 or 16 kbps ADPCM channels where the 24 and 16 kbps channels are used for voice in Digital Circuit Multiplication Equiment (DCME) and the 40 kbps is for data modem signals (especially modems doing 4800 kbps or higher) in DCME.
Standard Organization: ITU-T
Reference Document: G.726
G.727
G.727 is an embedded Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation (ADPCM) algorithms at rates of 40, 32, 24 and 16 kbit/s. G.727 defines the transcoding law when the source signal is a pulse-code modulation signal at a pulse rate of 64 kbit/s developed from voice frequency analog signals as fully specified by G.711.
Standard Organization: ITU-T
Reference Document: G.727
G.728
G.728, based on the Low-Delay Code Excited Linear Prediction (LD-CELP) compression principles, is a 16 kbps compression standard. G.728 has an algorithmic coding delay of 0.625 ms. G.728 normally compresses toll quality speech at 8000 samples/second. G.728 Annex G (G.728 G) is a fixed point specification of the coder working at a bit rate of 16000 bits/second. G.728 Annex I (G.728 I) is the packet loss concealment (PLC) technique used along with G.728 G. G.728 coders are widely used for applications of telephony over packet networks, especially voice over cable and VoIP, where low delay is required.
Standard Organization: ITU-T
Reference Document: G.728
G.729
G.729 is an audio data compression algorithm for voice that compresses voice audio in chunks of 10 milliseconds. G.729 does coding of speech at 8 kbit/s using Conjugate-Structure Algebraic-Code-Excited Linear-Prediction(CS-ACELP). G.729 is mostly used in Voice over IP (VoIP) applications for its low bandwidth requirement. Standard G.729 operates at 8 kbit/s, but there are extensions, which provide also 6.4 kbit/s and 11.8 kbit/s rates for marginally worse and better speech quality respectively. Also very common is G.729a which is compatible with G.729, but requires less computation.
Standard Organization: ITU-T
Reference Document: G.729
G.780
G.780 defines the terms for SDH Networks and Equipment.
Standard Organization: ITU-T
Reference Document: G.780
G.781
G.781 defines the structure of Recommendations on Equipment for the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH).
Standard Organization: ITU-T
Reference Document: G.781
G.782
G.782 defines types and characteristics of Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) Equipment
Standard Organization: ITU-T
Reference Document: G.782
G.783
G.783 defines characteristics of Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) Equipment Functional Blocks.
Standard Organization: ITU-T
Reference Document: G.783
G.7xx
G.7xx is a suite of ITU-T standards for audio compressions and de-commpressions. It is primarily used in telephony. In telephony, there are 2 main algorithms defined in the standard, mu-law algorithm (used in America) and a-law algorithm (used in Europe and the rest of the world). Both are logarithmic, but the later a-law was specifically designed to be simpler for a computer to process. G.7xx codec suite includes G.712, G.721, G.722, G.723, G.726, G.727, G.728, G.729 etc.
Standard Organization: ITU-T
G.803
G.803, an ITU-T standard, defines the architecture of transport networks based on the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH).
Standard Organization: ITU-T
Reference Document: G.803
G.804
G.804 is the ITU-T framing standard that defines the mapping of ATM cells into the physical medium.
Standard Organization: ITU-T
Reference Document: G.804
G.832
G.832, an ITU-T standard, defenes the transport of SDH elements on PDH networks, the trame and multiplexing structures.
Standard Organization: ITU-T
Reference Document: G.832
G.Lite
G.Lite, also known as ADSL Lite and Splitterless ADSL, is one of the Digital Subscriber Line technologies that allows broadband data access over normal phone lines (twisted pair cables, also called POTS). G.Lite offers a maximum of 1.5 Mbit/s downstream and 512 kbit/s upstream and does not require the use of phone line splitters.
Standard Organization: ITU-T
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GARP: Generic Attribute Registration Protocol
The Generic Attribute Registration Protocol (GARP) provides a generic framework whereby devices in a bridged LAN, e.g. end stations and switches, can register and de-register attribute values, such as VLAN Identifiers, with each other. In doing so, the attributes are propagated to devices in the bridged LAN, and these devices form a reachability tree that is a subset of an active topology. GARP defines the architecture, rules of operation, state machines and variables for the registration and de-registration of attribute values.
Standard Organization: IETF
Reference Document: IEEE 802.1q
GDP: Gateway Discovery Protocol
Gateway Discovery Protocol (GDP) is a Cisco protocol based on UDP that allows hosts to dynamically detect the arrival of new routers as well as determine when a router goes down.
Standard Organization: Cisco
GFP: Generic Framing Procedure
Generic Framing Procedure (GFP), an encapsulation scheme for Ethernet over SONET/SDH, is defined by ITU-T G.7041. GFP allows mapping of variable length, higher-layer client signals over a transport network like SDH/SONET. The client signals can be protocol data unit (PDU) oriented (like IP/PPP or Ethernet Media Access Control [MAC]) or can be block-code oriented (like fiber channel). GFP has two modes: GFP-F and GFP-T. GFP-F maps each client frame into a single GFP frame. GFP-T allows mapping of multiple 8B/10B client data frames into an efficient 64B/65B block code for transport within a GFP frame.
Standard Organization: ITU-T
Reference Document: G.7041
GGP: Gateway-to-Gateway Protocol
Gateway-to-Gateway Protocol (GGP) is a MILNET protocol specifying how core routers (gateways) should exchange reachability and routing information. GGP uses a distributed shortest-path algorithm. The Gateway-to-Gateway Protocol is obsolete.
Gigabit Ethernet Protocol
The Gigabit Ethernet protocol, based on the Ethernet protocols, has a theoretical maximum data rate of 1000 Mbps, using shorter frames with carrier Extension. It is published as the IEEE 802.3z and 802.3ab supplements to the IEEE 802.3 base standards.
Standard Organization: IEEE
Reference Document: IEEE 802.3x
GIOP: General Inter-ORB Protocol
General Inter-ORB Protocol(GIOP) is the abstract protocol by which Object Request Brokers (ORBs) communicate. Standards associated with the protocol are maintained by the Object Management Group (OMG). GIOP is implmented in various environment and Internet Inter-ORB Protocol (IIOP) is the implementation of GIOP for TCP/IP, which is used in the CORBA framework for accessing objects across the Internet.
Standard Organization: OMG
GMM/SM: GPRS Mobility Management/Session Management
GPRS Mobility Management/Session Management (GMM/SM) protocol supports mobility management functionality of a mobile such as GPRS attach, GPRS detach, security, routing area update, location update. The main function of the Session Management (SM) layer is to support PDP context handling of the user terminal. SM comprises of procedures for the PDP context activation, deactivation, and modification. The GMM layer uses the services of the Radio Access Network Application Protocol (RANAP) over the Iu interface to provide these services.
Standard Organization: ETSI
GMM: GPRS Mobility Management
GPRS Mobility Management (GMM) is a GPRS signaling protocol that handles mobility issues such as roaming, authentication, and selection of encryption algorithms. GPRS Mobility Management, together with Session Management (GMM/SM) protocol support the mobility of user terminal so that the SGSN can know the location of a mobile station (MS) at any time and to activate, modify and deactivate the PDP sessions required by the MS for the user data transfer.
Standard Organization: ETSI
GMPLS: Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching
Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching (GMPLS) enhances MPLS architecture by the complete separation of the control and data planes of various networking layers. GMPLS enables a seamless interconnection and convergence of new and legacy networks by allowing end-to-end provisioning, control and traffic engineering even when the start and the end nodes belong to heterogeneous networks.
Standard Organization: IETF
Reference Document: RFC 3945
GMRP: GARP Multicast Registration Protocol
GARP Multicast Registration Protocol (GMRP) is a Generic Attribute Registration Protocol (GARP) application that provides a constrained multicast flooding facility similar to IGMP snooping. GMRP and GARP are industry-standard protocols defined by the IEEE 802.1P.
Standard Organization: IEEE
Reference Document: IEEE 802.1q
Gopher
Gopher is a distributed document search and retrieval network protocol designed for the Internet. Its goal was similar to that of the World Wide Web, and it has been almost completely displaced by the Web. The Gopher protocol offers some features not natively supported by the Web and imposes a much stronger hierarchy on information stored in it. Its text menu interface is well-suited to computing environments that rely heavily on remote computer terminals, common in universities at the time of its creation.
Standard Organization: IETF
Reference Document: RFC 1436
GPON: Gigabit Passive Optical Network
Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON), an extension of BPON, is a PON technology operating at bit rates of above 1 Gb/s. Apart from the need to support higher bit rates, the overall protocol has been opened for re-consideration and the sought solution should be the most optimal and efficient in terms of support for multiple services, OAM&P functionality and scalability.
Standard Organization: ITU-T
GPRS: General Packet Radio Service
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) technology runs at speeds up to 115Kbit/sec., compared with the 9.6Kbit/sec. of older GSM systems. It enables high-speed wireless Internet and other communications such as e-mail, games and applications. It supports a wide range of bandwidths and is an efficient use of limited bandwidth. It's particularly suited for sending and receiving small amounts of data, such as e-mail and Web browsing, as well as large volumes of data.
Standard Organization: ETSI
GRE: Generic Routing Encapsulation
Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) is a protocol for encapsulation of an arbitrary network layer protocol over another arbitrary network layer protocol.In the most general case, a system has a packet, namely a payload, which needs to be encapsulated and delivered to some destination. The payload is first encapsulated in a GRE packet. The resulting GRE packet can then be encapsulated in some other protocol and then forwarded. This outer protocol is called the delivery protocol.
Standard Organization: IETF
Reference Document: RFC 2784
GSM: Global Service for Mobile Communication
Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), origionally known as Groupe Spcial Mobile, is a digital cellular system defined by ETSI based on TDMA narrowband technology. GSM allows up to eight simultaneous communications on the same frequency. GSM is widely deployed in Europe and some Asian Countries, competing with CDMA which was developed by Qualcomm and deployed mainly in the US.
Standard Organization: ETSI
GSMP: General Switch Management Protocol
General Switch Management Protocol (GSMP) is designed to control a label switch. GSMP allows a controller to establish and release connections across the switch, to add and delete leaves on a multicast connection, to manage switch ports, to request configuration information, to request and delete reservation of switch resources, and to request statistics. The protocol is asymmetric, the controller being the master and the switch being the slave. Multiple switches may be controlled by a single controller and a switch may be controlled by more than one controller.
Standard Organization: ITU-T
GTP: GPRS Tunnelling Protocol
GPRS Tunnelling Protocol (GTP) allows end users of a GSM or UMTS network to move from place to place whilst continuing to connect to the internet as if from one location at the GGSN. It does this by carrying the subscriber's data from the subscriber's current SGSN to the GGSN which is handling the subscriber's session. GTP version zero supports both signalling and user data under one generic header. It can be used with UDP (User Datagram Protocol) or TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) on the registered port 3386. GTP version one is used only on UDP. The control plane protocol GTP-C (Control) uses the registered port 2123 and the user plane protocol GTP-U (User) uses the registered port 2152.
Standard Organization: ETSI
GVRP: GARP VLAN Registration Protocol
Generic Attribute Registration Protocol(GARP) VLAN Registration Protocol (GVRP) defines a GARP application that provides 802.1Q-compliant VLAN pruning and dynamic VLAN creation on 802.1Q trunk ports. GVRP is an application, defined in the IEEE 802.1P standard, which allows for the control of 802.1Q VLANs.