1. 4GL: Most commercial database products include a special language to assist application programmers in creating templates on the screen for a user interface, and in formatting data for report generating.No single accepted standard currently exists for 4GL.

2. SQL-92 standard defined SQL sessions and SQL environments.

• SQL sessions: client/server abstraction (connect, disconnect, commit, rollback).
• SQL environments: provide user-id and schema for each user.