1. The major purpose of a database system is to provide users with an abstract view of the system.
The system hides certain details of how data is stored and maintained
Complexity should be hidden from database users.

2. There are several levels of abstraction:

(a) Physical Level:

• How the data are stored.
• E.g. index, B-tree, hashing.
• Lowest level of abstraction.
• Complex low-level structures described in detail.

(b) Conceptual Level:

• Next highest level of abstraction.

DATA MODELS

Figure 1.1: The three levels of data abstraction

• Describes what data arestored.
• Describes the relationships among data.
• Database administrator level.

(c) View Level:

• Highest level.
• Describes part of the database for a particular group of users.
• Can be many different views of a database.
• E.g.tellersinabankgetaviewofcustomeraccounts,butnotofpayrolldata.

figure 1.1 in the text illustrates the three levels.