This series of experiments investigates the effect of handover duration on the TCP disruption time. We will describe handoffs between AP-4 and AP-5 (i.e. between the fast path and the slow path) as shown in Figure 14-5. AP-4 and AP-5 generate one router advertisements every 1.5 seconds. We define the handover time as the amount of time starting from when the mobile node can not get any packets from its old access point until the time when it receive binding acknowledgement from its home agent via the new access point. The first handoff experiment is from AP-5 to AP-4 (i.e. from the fast path to the